Pinworms, also known as Enterobius vermicularis, are the
most common cause of worm infections in the United States. They often infect
school-aged children and are easily transmitted between people who live in the
same household.
The life cycle of pinworms begins with eggs being deposited around the anus, which results in itching in the area that is worse at night. Self-infection occurs when the child itches the area and transfers the eggs into the mouth with contaminated hands. This is also how it is transmitted from person to person, when contaminated hands touch food, linens, or household surfaces.
The most common symptom indicating a pinworm infection is
anal itching, but sometimes there may be no symptoms at all. More severe
infections may result in abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnoses are
often made clinically based on the symptoms, but there are some tests that a
doctor’s office can perform to confirm. The scotch tape test involves pressing
tape against the anal region and inspecting under the microscope for the
presence of eggs. The paddle test is also used, where a small paddle with an
adhesive coating is used instead of tape. Usually the best samples are taken
first thing in the morning prior to showering.
After a pinworm infection is confirmed, there are many
measures that should be taken for treatment and prevention of spread. Pyrantel
is an antiparasitic medication that is available over the counter. Albendazole
and mebendazole are also antiparasitics that are very effective but need to be
prescribed. To prevent spread and re-infection, it is important to frequently
wash hands and clean all linens thoroughly. It is also recommended to treat all
members of the household, because the pinworm can incubate for 1-2 months after
infection before any symptoms arise.
